Management of insect and mite pests with predaceous mites in open-field vegetable crops

Authors

  • Philip A. Stansly Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
  • Jose A Castillo Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
  • James A. Tansey Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
  • Barry C. Kostyk Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA

Keywords:

Agricultural entomology, agricultural pests, Acari, Phytoseiidae, Amblyseius swirskii, Neoseiulus californicus, mites, predatory mites, biocontrol, pests, Bemisia tabaci, whiteflies, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, broad mite, Tetranychus evansi, Tetranychus urticae, spider mites, Thrips palmi, thrips, vegetable crops

Abstract

Mites of the family Phytoseiidae (Acari) have been widely used to control vegetable pests in greenhouses, but less is known of their effectiveness in open field crops. Sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), spider mites Tetranychus evansi (Baker & Pritchard) and T. urticae (Koch), and melon thrips Thrips palmi (Karny) are serious pests that cause economic damage to many vegetables crops. Predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot and Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Phytoseiidae) are used routinely to control these pests in greenhouse specialty crops and have shown potential in trials with open field eggplant and pepper in Florida. Here we report results from field experiments aimed at four specific objectives: (1) assess effectiveness on different host plants, (2) assess release time and the value of providing supplemental food for predaceous mites in the field, (3) compare results with mixtures of two predaceous mite species compared to rotations or single species releases, and (4) compare control obtained with predaceous mites to that of standard pesticides. All experiments were conducted on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with some also including zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) or pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).
Notable reductions of target pests were observed with most treatments receiving releases of predacious mites soon after transplanting. Predacious mites persisted longer and control was more notable on eggplant, probably due to higher pest populations than on other crops tested. Although no effect on pest control was seen from pollen of Typha latifolia L. and dried fruit mite (Carpoglyphus lactis (L.)) applied as supplementary food just after planting, evidence for competitive interactions among mite species suggests its potential importance. Such competition was observed when both mites were released in a mixture although spider mite control appeared to improve when the two predators were released in succession. In contrast, broad mite and whitefly were best controlled by releases of A. swirskii alone. In general, biological control was more effective than chemical control for broad mites, comparable for spider mites but less effective for whiteflies. These results confirm earlier studies attesting to the effectiveness of these mites to control several key pests of fruiting vegetable crops while also indicating that more work is needed on the practical aspects of this strategy for open field crops.

RESUMEN

Los ácaros de la familia Phytoseiidae (Acari) son ampliamente utilizados para controlar plagas vegetales en invernaderos, pero su efectividad es menos conocida en cultivos de campo abierto. Mosca blanca de la batata Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), ácaro blanco Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), arañuelas Tetranychus evansi (Baker & Pritchard) y T. urticae (Koch), y trips del melón Thrips palmi (Karny) son plagas graves que causan daño económico a muchos cultivos de hortalizas. Los ácaros depredadores Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot y Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Phytoseiidae) se usan rutinariamente para controlar estas plagas en cultivos especializados de invernadero, y han demuestrado su potencial en ensayos con berenjena y pimiento en campo abierto en Florida. Aquí informamos resultados de experimentos de campo dirigidos a cuatro objetivos específicos: (1) evaluar la efectividad en diferentes plantas hospedadoras, (2) evaluar el tiempo de liberación y el valor de proporcionar alimentos suplementarios para ácaros depredadores en el campo, (3) comparar resultados con mezclas de dos especies de ácaros depredadores en comparación con rotaciones o liberaciones de especies únicas, y (4) para comparar el control obtenido con los ácaros depredadores con el de los plaguicidas estándar. Todos los experimentos se realizaron en berenjena (Solanum melongena L.), algunos también incluyeron calabaza calabacín (Cucurbita pepo L.), melón cantalupo (Cucumis melo L.) o pimienta (Capsicum annuum L.). Se observaron reducciones notables de las plagas objetivo en la mayoría de los casos después de las liberaciones de ácaros depredadores poco después del trasplante. Los ácaros depredadores persistieron durante más tiempo, y el control fue más notable en la berenjena, probablemente debido a las poblaciones de plagas más altas que en otros cultivos. La evidencia de interacciones competitivas entre especies de ácaros sugiere su importancia potencial. Tal competencia se observó cuando ambos ácaros se liberaron en una mezcla, aunque el control de ácaros parecía mejorar cuando los dos depredadores fueron liberados en sucesión. Por el contrario, el ácaro blanco y la mosca blanca se controlaron mejor con liberaciones de A. swirskii en solitario. En general, el control biológico fue más efectivo que el control químico para los ácaros anchos, comparable para los ácaros araña pero menos efectivo para las moscas blancas. Estos resultados confirman la efectividad de estos ácaros como agentes de control biológico para varias plagas clave de cultivos de hortalizas.

 

Cite as: Stansly, Ph.A., Castillo, J.A., Tansey, J.A. & Kostyk, B.C. 2018. Management of insect and mite pests with predaceous mites in open-field vegetable crops. Israel Journal of Entomology 48 (2): 83–111. <published 28 June 2018>

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1299520

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:05DC8ABF-AFD1-4F7A-9594-4FC68FEDB674

Author Biography

Philip A. Stansly, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA

Deceased

Published

2021-05-06